PostgreSQL UNIONS子句

PostgreSQL UNION子句/運(yùn)算符用于組合兩個(gè)或多個(gè)SELECT語句的結(jié)果，而不返回任何重復(fù)的行。

要使用UNION，每個(gè)SELECT必須具有相同的列數(shù)，相同數(shù)量的列表達(dá)式，相同的數(shù)據(jù)類型，并且具有相同的順序，但不一定要相同。

語法：

UNION的基本語法如下：

SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]

UNION

SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]

這里根據(jù)您的要求給出的條件表達(dá)式。

示例：
考慮以下兩個(gè)表，COMPANY表如下：

yiibai_db=# SELECT * from COMPANY;
 id | name  | age | address   | salary
----+-------+-----+-----------+--------
  1 | Paul  |  32 | California|  20000
  2 | Allen |  25 | Texas     |  15000
  3 | Teddy |  23 | Norway    |  20000
  4 | Mark  |  25 | Rich-Mond |  65000
  5 | David |  27 | Texas     |  85000
  6 | Kim   |  22 | South-Hall|  45000
  7 | James |  24 | Houston   |  10000
(7 rows)

另一張表是DEPARTMENT如下：

yiibai_db=# SELECT * from DEPARTMENT;
 id | dept        | emp_id
----+-------------+--------
  1 | IT Billing  |      1
  2 | Engineering |      2
  3 | Finance     |      7
  4 | Engineering |      3
  5 | Finance     |      4
  6 | Engineering |      5
  7 | Finance     |      6
(7 rows)

現(xiàn)在使用SELECT語句和UNION子句連接這兩個(gè)表，如下所示：

yiibai_db=# SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY INNER JOIN DEPARTMENT
        ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID
   UNION
     SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY LEFT OUTER JOIN DEPARTMENT
        ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID;

這將產(chǎn)生以下結(jié)果：

 emp_id | name  |  dept
--------+-------+--------------
      5 | David | Engineering
      6 | Kim   | Finance
      2 | Allen | Engineering
      3 | Teddy | Engineering
      4 | Mark  | Finance
      1 | Paul  | IT Billing
      7 | James | Finance
(7 rows)

UNION ALL子句

UNION ALL運(yùn)算符用于組合兩個(gè)SELECT語句(包括重復(fù)行)的結(jié)果。 適用于UNION的相同規(guī)則也適用于UNION ALL運(yùn)算符。

語法：
UNION ALL的基本語法如下：

SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]

UNION ALL

SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ]
[WHERE condition]

這里根據(jù)您的要求給出的條件表達(dá)式。

示例：
現(xiàn)在，我們在SELECT語句中加入上面提到的兩個(gè)表，如下所示：

yiibai_db=# SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY INNER JOIN DEPARTMENT
        ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID
   UNION ALL
     SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY LEFT OUTER JOIN DEPARTMENT
        ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID;

這將產(chǎn)生以下結(jié)果：

 emp_id | name  | dept
--------+-------+--------------
      1 | Paul  | IT Billing
      2 | Allen | Engineering
      7 | James | Finance
      3 | Teddy | Engineering
      4 | Mark  | Finance
      5 | David | Engineering
      6 | Kim   | Finance
      1 | Paul  | IT Billing
      2 | Allen | Engineering
      7 | James | Finance
      3 | Teddy | Engineering
      4 | Mark  | Finance
      5 | David | Engineering
      6 | Kim   | Finance
(14 rows)